Know the entities and the processes that comprise the central dogma and know their relationships to one another

know the basic composition of DNA – double strands of nucleotides, strand polarity, bonding specificity

Know and be able to distinguish chromatin, euchromatin and heterochromatin

know the structure of RNA, the three kinds, and their functions

Know the basic steps in transcription and the major players (sense strand, RNA polymerase, promoter, mRNA processing, exons, introns) and the role of each player

Know the differences between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes and know how their genomes differ

know the basic steps in translationn and the major players (tRNA, ribosomes), what the genetic code is and its role in transcription, know and distinguish codon and anticodon

Understand what cell differentiation is and how the Waddington model has features that represent the processes of development and celll differentiation

Know the two early hypotheses about how cells of the same organism become differentiated and know the experiments conducted to distinguish them and the evidence each supplies (carrots, nuclear transplantation in Xenopus)

Know the major features of the operon model and the role of each player (promoter, regulatory gene, regulatory protein, signal molecule – be able to label these in a diagram).

Be able to distinguish between positive and negative gene regulation and between induction and repression and know when each kind of gene regulation would be expected

Recognize why and how gene regulation differs between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Know the levels at which gene expression can be regulated and the major mechanisms that control expression at each level (see the handout I gave you)

Be able to define the following as used in class: gene amplification, polytene chromosome (=c’some), Barr body, DNA methylation, control elements, enhancer sequence, transcription factors, initiation factors

Recognize the consequences of regulation at different levels and when regulation at different levels might be favored

Understand how coordinated, sequential control of gene expression is achieved during animal development

Be able to describe how hormones influence development and the experimental evidence that supports this (amphibian metamorphosis, insect metamorphosis and molting – Wigglesworth, Beerman and Cleaver)

Know the major and defining features of male and female gametes

Know the sequence of events in sea urchin fertilization

Be able to describe the events and consequences of the acrosomal reaction, the fast block to polyspermy, the cortical reaction, the slow block, egg activation

Know the major features of cleavage including the pattern of cell divisions characteristic of protostomes and deuterostomes. Be able to draw and label diagrams of an unfertilized amhibian egg, a morula, and a blastula

Be able to describe two means by which cells can move

Know the major features of gastrulation and how and why they differ in the sea urchin, the amphibian, and the bird

Be able to draw and label a sea urchin gastrula and an amphibian gastrula (labels would include blastopore, archenteron, three primary germ layers, anterior and posterior ends of the embryo, and dorsal and ventral sides)

Know the general fate of each embryonic germ layer (i.e. what organ systems it contributes to in the adult)

Be able to describe the process of neurulation in the amphibian embryo

Know what Holtfreters work tells us about cell interactions during development

Be able to define and distinguish the processes of induction and determination in animal development and be able to describe experimental evidence that these processes do operate

Be able to summarize the processes that contribute to determining cell fate in the embryo

Be able to define the cell cycle and describe the differences between Prokaryote and Eukaryote cell cycles

Know the major stages of the Eukaryotic cell cycle and what goes on in each

Recognize the roles of cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases in the control of the cell cycle and how cell fusion experiments support these roles

Know the four major stages of Mitosis and the events that occur within each

Be able to draw and label a cell in each stage.

Be able to define:centriole, centrosome, kinetochore, kinetochore fiber, non-kinetochore fiber, aster, chromatid, centromere, cytokinesis