(Here you will find answer keys for homework
or quizzes as well as unedited responses on exams from your classmates)
QUIZ 1
1. The K ion channel is an example of how molecules
are transferred across the phospholipid bilayer by the process of
a. simple
diffusion
b. facilitated
transport
c. secondary
active transport
d. primary
active transport
ANSWER: b.
2. If you placed one of your cheek cells (given:
The ICF = 170 mM NaCl ) in a solution of 300 mM glucose, and you assume neither
compound could permeate the PL bilayer, through the process of osmosis your
cell would
a. crenate
b. lyse
c. be happy as a clam (normal cell volume)
d. cannot
determine by the provided information
ANSWER: b.
3. The Na/K ATPase pump uses a method called
__________________ __________________
or successive
phosphorylation/dephosphorylation cycles to change its configuration and pump
ions against their concentration gradients.
ANSWER: Molecular Peristalsis
4. T or F
(please circle)
If a cell has an electrical
disturbance of at least 30 mV, it will always fire an action potential because
of the ALL-or-NONE principle.
ANSWER: F
5. Which of the following physiological processes
requires no ATP expenditure?
a. endocytosis
b. exocytosis
c. osmosis
d. facilitated diffusion
e. two of the above
ANSWER: e.
6. Which of the following organic molecules
would be classified as a protein?
a. molecules that are formed from dehydration
reactions
b. molecules that contain free fatty acids
c. molecules that are produced from
peptide bond formations
d. steroids
e. DNA
f. glycogen
g. ketone bodies
ANSWER: c.
7. If a cell had the following ionic
concentrations and permeabilities, about at what voltage would you predict an
action potential would change polarity (peak of the action potential spike)?
HINT: You can decide whether
to use Nernst or Goldman.
PK = 10
PNa = 10,000
Assume mammalian temperature
of 37 degrees.
[K+]o = 40 mM
[K+]i
= 365 mM
[Na+]o = 420 mM
[Na+]i
= 65 mM
Please show all
calculations.
Answer: ______________________________
ANSWER: You can use either Nernst or Goldman, but of
course the former is less time consuming.
ENa = 60 log (420/65) = 49 mV
Em = 60 log[ [(10,000)420 +
10(40)]/[(10,000)65 + 10(365)] = 49 mV
8. If the resting potential of the cell in #7
was -85 mV, at what voltage would this action potential begin to fire
fully? HINT: Threshold.
Please show all calculations. Answer: _________________________________
ANSWER: Th = 0.15 (Amplitude)
Amplitude = -85 mV to
49 mV = a delta of 134 mV
134 * 0.15 = 20 mV
If the resting potential is
-85 mV and you have to calculate the
voltage at which the AP would fire fully, then
add 20 mV to -85 mV = -65 mV
9. Write one sentence describing the importance
of the phospholipid bilayer for the physiologist =
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
ANSWER: Many things here!
10. T or F (please circle)
According to Fick’s Law of
Diffusion, the diffusion rate or flux is greatest when the molecule to be
transported has a high molecular weight and has to traverse a large
cross-sectional area.
ANSWER: F
11. If an action potential (AP) reaches
threshold, where in the neuron will the AP “spike” be initiated?
a. the dendrite
b. the soma
c. the axon hillock
d. the
synaptic terminals
e. the
sodium/potassium ATPase pump
ANSWER: c.
EXAM 1 Answer Key
1) a
2) c
3) a
4) c
5) d
6) e
7) d
8) d
9) b
10) c
11) a
12) d
13) b
14) b
15) c
16) d
17) c
18) e
19) c
20) a
21) c
22) b
23) c
24) c
25) e
26) a
27) d
28) c
29) b
30) e
31) c
32) b
33) d
34) a
35) c
36) c
37) b
38) e
39) c
40) c
41) d
42) e
43) a, T
44) b, F
45) a, T
46) b, F
47) a, T
48) b, F
49) a, T
50) b, F
51) b, F
52) a, T
53) b, F
54) b, F
55) a, T
56) a, T
57) a, T
58) a, T
59) a, T
60) a, T
61) b, F
62) b, F
63) b, F
QUIZ 2
1. Which of the following types of muscles are striated and
involuntary?
a. skeletal
b. cardiac
c. smooth
d. b and c
e. a and b
f. none of the above
ANSWER: b.
2. A single muscle CELL is known as
a. a sarcomere
b. a myofibril
c. one actin and one myosin filament
d. a motor unit
e. a muscle fiber
ANSWER: e.
3. Action potentials move perpendicular to the muscle fibers by
entering the transverse tubules that are located where along the sarcomere?
a. A band
b. Z band
c. M band
d. I band
e. Z and I bands
f. A and I bands
ANSWER: f.
4. Which of the following “contractile proteins” functions to
block the thick filament from accessing a binding site to form a cross bridge
but does not physically bind calcium?
a. actin
b. troponin
c. tropomyosin
d. tropoactin
e. myosin
ANSWER: c.
5. In relation to skeletal muscle mechanics, during which phase
of the twitch would calsequestrin have its highest
activity?
a. latency period
b. contraction
c. relaxation
d. summation
e. tetany
ANSWER: c.
6. T or F (please circle)
The white matter is
responsible for integrating reflex activity using polysynaptic and monosynaptic
connections of afferent and efferent neurons, respectively.
ANSWER: F
7. Which of the following does not mediate or assist in smooth
muscle contraction of your arteries?
a. inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
b. dense bodies
c. troponin
d. sarcoplasmic reticulum
e. ALL are helpful in smooth muscle contraction
ANSWER: c.
8. During a skeletal muscle contraction, the length of the
sarcomere shortens due to a decrease in size of ALL but which band?
a. A band
b. Z band
c. H band
d. I band
e. All of the above will shorten
ANSWER: a.
9. If the cross-bridge cycle was in a stage where there was no
calcium, the orientation of the myosin head was at 90 degrees in relation to
the tail of the molecule, and there was ATP available, then the muscle would be
in which stage of contraction?
a. the actin and myosin would be touching each other
b. it would be in the power stroke
c. actin and myosin would be detached and ATP would undergo
hydrolysis
d. it would be in a rigor mortis locked complex
ANSWER: c.
10. Which of the following activities is performed principally by
the somatic nervous system?
a. beating of your heart
b. bowel movements
c. running up the stairs
d. swallowing
e. breathing
ANSWER: c.
11. Which portion of the spinal column has emerging spinal nerves
that would innervate the chest region?
a. thoracic
b. lumbar
c. cervical
d. pelvic
e. dorsal root ganglion
ANSWER: a.
QUIZ 3
1. T or F (please circle) The Law of LaPlace states that the stress on a vessel will decrease
when the width of the smooth muscle running circumferentially around the blood
vessel increases.
ANSWER: T
2. Which of the following type of muscle is
neurogenic and has economical cross-bridge cycling due to phosphorylation of
the myosin tail?
a. pacemaker activity
b. slow wave potentials
c. single-unit
smooth
d. multi-unit
smooth
ANSWER: d.
3. If blood was
entering your RV too slowly, it would be attributed to a defect in which valve?
a. tricuspid
b. bicuspid
c. mitral
d. pulmonary
semilunar
e. aortic semilunar
ANSWER: a.
4. When blood moves
from the left atria to the left ventricle
a. it passed
through the pulmonary semilunar
b. the timing
would be in register with the T wave
c. the blood
would be deoxygenated
d. one would
hear the S1 on the phonocardiogram
ANSWER: b.
5. What is stimulated
to contract by an increase in oxygen that is taken in at the baby’s first
breath and is only seen as a remnant or ligament in the adult?
________________ ___________________
ANSWER: ductus arteriosis
6. T or F (please
circle)
Veins carry the greatest distribution of circulating blood
flow.
ANSWER: T
7. Smooth muscle uses which structure for contraction
because it lacks sacromeres and Z lines?
a. intermediate filaments
b. dense bodies
c. myofibrils
d. troponin-Ca complex
e. phosphorylation of actin globules
ANSWER: b.
8. Which of the
following exemplifies cardiac muscle?
a. it lacks
troponin
b. it lacks
T-tubules
c. it is unstriated
d. it is
neurogenic not myogenic
e. it uses both
pools of calcium (from SR and ECF)
ANSWER: e.
9. If a physician was
trying to hear the closure of the pulmonary semilunar they would
a. be seeking
an event that is aligned with the timing of the QRS spectrum
b. be
positioning the stethoscope at the left of the heart apex
c. be seeking
an event that occurs at the same time as the T wave
d. be seeking
an event that occurs when the atria repolarize
e. find that
the RV would be in systole
ANSWER: c.
10. If you measured
your heart beat five times in six seconds, then you would be
a. normal
b. tachycardic
d. undergoing
atrial flutter
e. susceptible
to first degree AV block
ANSWER: c.
11. Dr. D and a
student, who will remain nameless, bump into each other at the Ocala Publix
health monitoring machine early Sunday morning.
Dr. D ran there from her lab on campus (to practice for her hike in the
Grand Canyon, of course!) while the student had just crawled out of bed, and
just really wanted to get some breakfast, but then remembered the
assignment. Compute the difference
in cardiac output between the two.
Assume they both have a 70 ml volume coming out of their LV with every
beat. Show all your work.
Dr. D. = 120 bpm
student = 65 bpm ANSWER: CO = SV x CR = 70 ml/beat x 120 beats/min =
8,400 ml/min
70
ml/beat x 65 beats/min = 4,550 ml/min
8,400
ml/min – 4,550 ml/min = 3850 ml/min = 3.9 L/min
___________________________
12. EXTRA EXTRA CREDIT - If you did your bp homework!!!
1 pt. What is your bp
reading? _____________ Using that value, what is your pulse pressure or
PP? ____________________ mm Hg
1 pt. Using your
computed PP, what is your mean arterial pressure or map? _____________ mm Hg
(Show all your calculations
here - )
Mine was 106/58, therefore PP
= 106-58 = 48
Then MAP = diastolic + 1/3
(PP) = 58 + (1/3)48 = 74 mm Hg
Exam 2 Answer Key
1) B
2) D
3) B
4) C
5) B
6) D
7) E
8) E
9) B
10) F
11) C
12) D
13) B
14) C
15) C
16) E
17) C
18) C
19) C
20) C
21) C
22) E
23) C
24) C
25) C
26) A
27) C
28) D
29) B
30) D
31) B
32) A
33) E
34) B
35) D
36) B
37) D
38) E
39) A
40) D
41) B/F
42) T/A
43) T/A
44) F/B
45) T/A
46) T/A
47) T/A
48) F/B
49) T/A
50) F/B
51) T/A
52) F/B
53) F/B
QUIZ 4:
1. Which of the following muscle would be used
with passive exhalation and not recruited for only a forced exhalation
requiring energy?
a. internal intercostal
b. external abdominal oblique
c. transversus abdominus
d. rectus abdominus
ANSWER: a.
2. When carbon dioxide associates with the
respiratory pigment hemoglobin it is called -
a. oxyhemoglobin
b. carbohemoglobin
c. carbaminohemoglobin
d. carboxyhemoglobin
e. deoxyhemoglobin
ANSWER: c.
3. When sampling the new planet Vena, scientists
found that the total atmospheric pressure was 600 mm Hg and that animals used
the gas Tx to breath. Calculate the
partial pressure for Tx on Vena if it comprises 12% of the atmosphere on the
planet? ____________________________
ANSWER: PP = % gas x psi; PP Tx = .12 x 600 = 72 mm
Hg
4. Which of the following cellular environments
would promote an earlier dissociation of oxygen from hemoglobin (dump O2
sooner)?
a. hypoventilation
b. severe body heat loss
c. any condition inducing a left Bohr
shift
d. alkalinity
e. a blood transfusion
ANSWER: a.
5. Carbon dioxide is transported back to the
lungs in several forms, the most predominant being
a. free,
dissolved carbon dioxide
b. bicarbonate
c. HbCO2
d. water
e. carbonic acid
ANSWER: b.
6. Write out the carbonic anhydrase shift
equation, including the enzyme that is involved =
______________________________________________________________________________
ANSWER: CO2 + H2O >>><<< H2CO3>>>><<<< H+ +
HCO3-
Carbonic anhydrase – enzyme
7. If your patient weighed 100 kg and was
bringing in 800 ml of fresh air with each breathe, what should be the level of
vital capacity measured if their ERV was 1.4 L and their IRV was 3 L?
(Show all work)
ANSWER: VC = ERV + IRV + TV; TV = Va
+ Vd.
Vd = 2 x 100 kg = 200 ml
TV = 800 ml + 200 ml = 1L
VC = 1.4 + 1 + 3 = 5.4L
8. T or F (please circle)
Air falls down pressure
gradients during inspiration and expiration according to Haldene’s
Law.
ANSWER: F
9. If you had a TLC of 8L and the standard 1L
reserve as your RV, could a VC be calculated?
If yes, VC =
_______________________________ If not, what variables are you lacking to make
the calculation? ________________________________________
TLC = VC + RV
8 -1 = 7 L
10. Which lung disease can be attributed to the
constriction of the bronchioles, causes air trapping, has an elevated RV and
normal TLC and a reduced VC, and can be reversible by treating with drugs that
cause vasodilation?
a. SIDS
b. pulmonary fibrosis
c. not a lung disease, but too little
exercise
d. asthma
e. not a lung disease, but attributed to
reduced elasticity of old age
ANSWER: d.
11. How many molecules of oxygen bind Hb when it
is fully saturated?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
e. 5
ANSWER: d.
RENAL
Practice
1. Which of the following would you not find in
the ultrafiltrate of the pct?
a. glucose
b. K+
c. hemoglobin
d. free cellular material
e. water
2. A patient with the following condition would
produce the most urine?
a. kidney stones
b. hemorrhage
c. diarrhea
d. extensive burns
e. dehydration
3. If you consumed a snicker’s bars and your
blood contained 300 mg/100 ml (3 mg/ml) of glucose and your current GFR was 150
ml/min, given the known Tm of 375 mg/min, how much glucose will spill over into
your urine every minute?
(Show your calculations)
4. Which of the following renal functions
require no energy?
a. countercurrent multiplication
b. K secretion in the dct
c. sodium reabsorption in the pct
d. glomerular filtration
5. Water reabsorption is directly facilitated by
a. aldosterone
b. renin
c. erythropoietin
d. vasopressin
e. angiotensinogen
6. ADH is released from the _____________________ __________________while aldosterone is
released from the ___________
__________, yet both function similarly to
bring low blood pressure and volume back to homeostatic checkpoint.
7. If you are retaining too much water and want
to purge your bloatedness you could
a. increase
angiotensin II
b. stimulate your
granular cells
c. increase ANP
d. enhance ACE
e. block Na/K ATPase pumps in your dct
f. two of the above
8. Which of the following situations would
require renal dialysis?
a. athletic pseudonephritis
b. hypertension
c. uremic blood, high K
d. hyperglycemia
e. production of less than 500 ml urine
9. T or F (please circle) Humans have a larger proportion
of juxtamedullary nephrons over that of cortical nephrons with surrounding
peritubular capillaries and long loops of Henle for efficient urine production.
10. T or F (please circle) All sections of the
nephron are under strict hormonal control with exception of the loop of Henle.
11. Which renal acting
hormone acts as a derepressor in the nucleus to
create new protein synthesis of Na/K ATPase pumps?
a. ANP
b. ADH
c. renin
d. ACE
e. aldosterone
ANSWERS:
C
D
3 mg/ml x 150 ml/min = 450 mg/min
– 357 mg/min = 75 mg/min into urine
D
D
posterior pituitary, adrenal
cortex
F
C
False
False
E
Exam 3 Answer Key:
1) D
2) B
3) D
4) B
5) E
6) D
7) B
8) B
9) E
10) E
11) B
12) E
13) A
14) C
15) D
16) C
17) A
18) E
19) A
20) D
21) A
22) D
23) C
24) A
25) E
26) A
27) AUTOREGULATION
28) B
29) B
30) C
31) A
32) C
33) C
34) E
35) D
36) E
37) B/DECREASE
38) B/DECREASE
39) B/DECREASE
40) A/INCREASE
41) A/INCREASE
42) A/INCREASE
43) B/DECREASE
44) B/DECREASE
45) A/INCREASE
46) A/INCREASE
47) A/TRUE
48) A/TRUE
49) A/TRUE
50) A/TRUE
51) A/TRUE
52) B/FALSE
Quiz 5:
1. Which
of the following motilities only occurs in the stomach?
a. segmentation
b. mass movement
c. peristalsis
d. receptive relaxation
e.
deglutition
ANSWER: d
2. Which of the following would DECREASE
movement of chyme out of the stomach?
a. lots of fluid in the stomach body
b. increased parasympathetic stimulation
c. low fat diet
d. fear to take your GRE
e. your brother wreaking your car (and no,
you are not afraid of his safety!)
ANSWER: d.
3. Which cell type
produces the enzyme to DIGEST fat?
a. parietal cells
b. surface epithelial cells
c. acinar cells
d. duct cells
e. hypothecates
ANSWER: c.
4. Which is NOT correct concerning HCl in the
stomach?
a. it
is partially derived by the carbonic anhydrase shift equation in parietal cells
b. it cleaves pepsinogen to generate
pepsin
c. it is released from the surface
epithelial cells to prevent peptic ulcers
d. the hormone gastrin from the PGA areas
can increase its secretion
e. it can kill microorganisms in your food
ANSWER: c.
5, 6, 7, and 8. Fill in
the following empty boxes in
the table below (example is provided for the first row):
ENDOCRINE
GLAND |
HORMONE |
TARGET CELL |
BIOLOGICAL FUNCTION |
Kidney |
Renin |
Adrenal Cortex |
Aldosterone secretion |
Anterior Pituitary |
GONADOTROPHINS (SPECIFICALLY
LH) |
Interstitial Cells of Leydig in the Male Testes |
Testosterone secretion |
POSTERIOR PITUITARY |
oxytocin |
UTERUS |
Increases uterine contractility |
Hypothalamus |
GHRH (GROWTH HORMONE RELEASING
HORMONE) |
anterior pituitary |
Release of GH |
9. T or F (Please circle)
A mature ovum is arrested in the first meiotic stage of division and is unfertilized
(sperm entry has not occurred).
ANSWER: T
10. In the male reproductive tract, which structure
is responsible for alkaline secretions and clotting enzymes
to increase the probability of successful fertilization?
A.
penis
B.
seminal vesicle
C.
epididymis
D.
prostate gland
E.
bulbourethral gland
ANSWER: d.
11. Which medical ailment is attributed to the
large intestine?
a. gall
stones
b. jaundice
c. vomiting
d. constipation
e.
diarrhea
ANSWER: d.